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Nicotine Poisoning Overview
Nicotine poisoning may occur if an individual ingests too much nicotine in a short period of time, through e-cigarettes or other methods.
Nicotine toxicity has become more common with the popularity of e-cigarettes. While it is very difficult to overdose on the nicotine found in cigarettes and cigars, e-cigarettes give a higher dose of nicotine and are easier to smoke. This means that e-cigarette users will get a higher level of nicotine during use. High levels of nicotine may also be found in nicotine gum, nicotine patches, nicotine lozenges, chewing tobacco, pipe tobacco, snuff, tobacco plants, and even some insecticides.
Unfortunately, children may be at a higher risk for nicotine poisoning – especially if e-cigarettes are left in reach. Even 30 to 60 milligrams of nicotine can be lethal to adults, meaning that children need even less of the pure nicotine found in e-cigarettes to become poisoned.
Nicotine Toxicity Symptoms
According to Medline Plus, symptoms of nicotine poisoning may include:
- Abdominal cramps
- Agitation, restlessness, confusion, and/or excitement
- Breathing difficulties or rapid breathing
- Burning sensation in the mouth, accompanied by drooling
- Depression
- Fainting
- Headaches
- Heart palpitations
- Muscle twitching
- Vomiting
- Weakness
In severe cases, symptoms may include seizures, respiratory failure, and a coma.
Causes of Nicotine Poisoning
According to Healthline, liquid nicotine and smokeless tobacco products are the most common causes of nicotine toxicity due to the pure nicotine used in these products. Although poisoning can occur with inhalation, toxicity is reportedly possible with ingestion and skin exposure as well.
Treating Nicotine Toxicity
It is recommended that bystanders call 911 if they suspect nicotine poisoning is causing seizures, loss of consciousness, or breathing difficulties.
If a patient is brought to the emergency room for nicotine poisoning, they may be treated with activated charcoal, laxatives, and fluids to help flush the toxins out of the body. Doctors may also order blood tests, urine tests, electrocardiograms (ECGs), and X-rays to determine the severity of poisoning.
Symptoms such as agitation, rapid heart rate, seizures, and nausea may be managed through a variety of medications, depending on the severity. Depending on a patient’s vitals, they may need airway support in the form of oxygen, intubation, or a breathing machine.
Complications from Nicotine Poisoning
Complications and long term effects are fairly rare with nicotine poisoning, assuming that treatment is given promptly. However, severe poisoning from nicotine can be fatal.
Legal Issues Regarding Nicotine Toxicity
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently released a safety announcement informing consumers that seizures had been reported with e-cigarette usage. Although the agency isn’t aware what is causing the seizures, it may be linked to nicotine toxicity. The FDA will reportedly be doing more testing to determine the exact cause.
Recently, e-cigarette companies such as JUUL Labs have come under fire for allegedly failing to warn consumers of the risks associated with their products. Especially after the FDA announcement, consumers are becoming concerned that e-cigarettes are not as safe as they are marketed to be.
